Bhawai is a folk dance with swaying and twirling movements that is performed by women from certain tribes from the state of Rajasthan. This folk dance is one of the state’s most exciting dance performances as it involves tricky balancing acts, right from balancing seven to nine brass pots on the head to balancing oneself (along with the pots) on narrow and unstable objects like a glass bottle, brass plate or the edge of a sword. The brass pots can, and are often, substituted by an even greater number of earthen pots. Bhawai is also one of the most colorful performances of the state as the women wear bright colored ghaghra cholis and dupattas. The men from these communities offer the music to this dance, using string and percussion instruments. Bhavai dance is often misinterpreted from ‘Bhavai’ which is a folk theatre form of Gujarat.

Background
Although many believe that this dance originated in Gujarat and was inspired by a folk theatre art form of the same name, the Bhawai folk dance of Rajasthan has been a part of the state’s culture for a number of years. This thrilling art form is known to be a special custom of the following tribes: Bhils, Raigers, Charmars, Kumhars, Jats, Meenas and even Kalbelias. The Bhawai dance is usually performed during fairs and festivals as well as special occasions such as weddings. The emergence of this dance form can be traced to the household needs of Rajasthani folk, wherein the women were responsible for traveling long distances each day with numerous brass pots in order to fetch water for the family.

Sources of Inspiration
This dance is inspired by the fact that in the age of feudalism, and to some extent even today, the women of Rajasthan have had to walk for miles on end with a number of pots in order to fill water. When translated into dance, the women carry seven to nine pots on their heads and perform some of the most exciting feats with grace and ease. The highlight of this dance, besides the balancing of or on objects, is also the depiction of the strength, nimbleness and absolute grace in the posture of the women as they travel back and forth each day from the communal well.

This dance is especially colorful due to the bright and vivid hues of the performers’ costumes. This is so because, the culture of the Rajasthani people is to add color to the aridness of their surroundings through their clothes and ornaments.

The art of Bagh printing then moved eastwards to Marwar (Rajasthan) and later to Manavar (Madhya Pradesh) with the migration of the craftsmen.  Over time, the style of Bagh Printing has evolved and attained uniqueness. The present form of Bagh printing actually started in 1962 when the craftsmen migrated from Manavar to the neighboring town of Bagh situated in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh and hence Bagh has always been associated with this printing style.
Origin & History
Bagh printing is essentially block printing, which is a technique that has been practiced for several centuries. The earliest evidence of block printing dates back to the time of Alexander the Great, wherein he has specifically mentioned India’s ‘beautiful printed cotton’. However, there is some evidence that goes onto prove that block printing was also prevalent in the Indus Valley civilization, hence the practice of using printing blocks for textile printing can be dated as far as 3000 BC.

Sources of Inspiration
Bagh printing basically involved blocks that are carved onto motifs that represent flora such as Jasmine, Mushroom, lehariya and so on. There are some prints that were inspired by the jaali work that embellished the Taj Mahal and various other forts. Inspiration is also drawn from the landscapes and geometrical figures. The motifs evoke various moods in the serenity of the prints and that is the catchy element of Bagh prints.Bagh village is the place where Bagh printing is sourced and exclusively conducted. It is basically controlled and operated by five-six Muslim Khatri households of Bagh who are also the proprietors of the manufacturing facilities at Bagh. The artisans who are adept at the craft in these facilities are from various communities such as Teli, Bhillala, Bhil and Rajput. The Bagh prints are basically floral and geometrical patterns and the blocks for Bagh printing are crafted with great skill by block makers that reside in Pethapur, Gujarat.

Bagh prints’  are an all time favorite in the Indian subcontinent primarily because the material is very comfortable and soft. There is a variety of Bagh printed merchandise that is commonly found such as bed covers, cushion covers, table covers, runners, mats, ladies suits and sarees, kurtis, dupattas, skirts and dresses amongst other things.  A lot of trendy and contemporary prints are now being used by the Bagh printers along with more fabrics apart from Cotton such as Silk, Crepe, and Tassar with fabulous results.  Bagh prints are very fashionable and people are developing a new connect with this beautiful art form which is a part of the rich Indian textile heritage.  Eco-friendly in nature, since Bagh prints make use of vegetable dyes, this art is gaining a lot of recognition worldwide and indigenously too, with the Government taking initiatives in trying to support and reform this craft.

Innovations
Bagh prints have become increasingly popular from its erstwhile status of being nearly forgotten.  Traditionally, this printing style was used for a few products such as lehengas and sarees, whereas now it has innovated and expanded its range to bed covers, dupattas, dress materials, curtains, table cloths and much more. This craft is also gaining recognition as an eco-friendly technique and therefore Bagh printing is making forays into foreign markets by experimenting and evolving to satisfy their global clientele.

Maintenance
Bagh printed fabrics are washed three times before being sent out to the market. Generally color does not leak from the fabric; however, it is advisable to get the fabric dry cleaned the first time. It can be lightly washed later on and is not difficult to maintain.

Global Wearability
Bagh textiles are usually cotton based and very soft. These are an all time wear as they can be used in all seasons and climates. A lot of international attention is being given to Bagh printing due to its eco-friendly production process and Bagh printed merchandise has a huge market abroad.
Accessorizing

Bagh prints are very trendy, particularly because they can give a very nice ethnic twist that exudes simplicity yet sophistication. From scarves, dupattas, and kurtas to patialas and salwar- Bagh prints can be mixed and matched to give a trendy casual look.

Bronze Jewelry

 Bronze Jewelry
Bronze is an alloy majorly containing copper. It is extensively used in making handicrafts and jewelry. Before copper, Gold and silver were the only metals that were being used to carve jewelry. The bronze jewelry exuded the kitschy gold effect while maintaining a reasonable price range. The Bronze Age brought along with it beautiful and exquisite pieces of jewelry that charmed its way through many centuries and eras.During the Bronze Age most women wore earrings, neck-pieces, and other ornaments made out of bronze. The jewelry highlighted the bronze era along with the growing love for this metal among women. What made bronze interesting was that it was an alloy made of copper and tin and, possessed the desirable characteristics of both these metals. One just fell in love with the bronze made artifacts and, the love possessed them completely.

Origin & History
When the Bronze Age was established, it definitely became a highly appreciated metal among people of that Age. It’s no wonder that during that era, bronze became a desirable metal for jewelry also. Most jewelry during that time was a work of craft that produced artisan jewelry designs.

The exact date or, period during which the Bronze Age came into existence cannot be determined, but most people claim that it was introduced during the Mesopotamian Era. It was simultaneously introduced to India around the same time. Bronze is definitely one of the oldest and classiest metals for jewelry available in India. If one goes by the historical evidence and artifacts, one can see that most of the beautiful and exquisite pieces of jewelry were made out of bronze. The sensuality of the copper color made bronze a beautiful, timeless and exquisite source of art and craft, which still prevails in India.

Style
Bronze Age produced a unique style among jewelry designers. The initial jewelry pieces were similar to the metal jewelry. This style was adopted during the Mesopotamian ages, but gradually bronze started coming across as one of the best metals for imitation jewelry. A lot of designers started working towards styling the metal to create exquisite jewelry. Some of the recent bronze jewelry collection matches the needs of the modern world. Of course, traditional designs are still very much in fashion but, the modern world desires a bit more style even in traditional jewelry.

These days one can find several forms of jewelry which is a combination of both silver and gold imbibed with bronze which look unique and stylish at the same time.

Influence over the Years
The Bronze Age was an era that defined the existence of bronze across several artifacts including pottery, sculptures etc and different cultures and traditions influenced the design of bronze over this era as well. Every single culture that bronze passed through including the Greek and Roman cultures had a definite influence on this metal and on the jewelry made out of it. What ultimately reached the Indian territories was an amalgamation of various concepts and designs combined.

Innovations
Bronze as a metal has gone through various innovations and these days one can find exquisite pieces of jewelry which showcase traditional and royal appeal, especially the kind that have an ethnic and Indian touch. The most common and popular forms of Bronze jewelry these days are big chunky bangles, over sized rings, heavy pendants that hang off thick bronze chains, and funky looking neck pieces as well. Bronze is a type of metal that complements all skin tones and looks fabulous on all kinds of people regardless of their attire. It is also the type of jewelry which looks ornate, stylish and classy, while at the same time understated.

Kathak is one the eight classical dance forms in India. The name itself is derived from the Sanskrit word – Katha (Story). The narrator of a story is called Katthaka in Sanskrit. Hence this dance form which narrates a story through the expressions and body movements came to be called Kathak.
The dance form of Kathak has three main schools which have their own unique style and instruments. The schools known as Gharanas are Lucknow Gharana, Banaras Gharana and Jaipur Gharana.

The first two Gharanas are the ones from Uttar Pradesh. The Lucknow Gharana has a lot of Mughal influence reflected in it. The Banaras Gharana showcases a lot of use of the dance floor, not only for movement of the feet but also a flop down movement which shows the danseuse hugging the floor.


Origin and History
As per the literary records at Kameshwar library at Mithila, Kathak had it’s origin in the 3rd or 4th century BC. Even mythological stories like the Mahabharata talk about Kathak.

It was during the Mughal era; in 16th century A.D. that Kathak received Royal patronage and was performed in the courts to entertain the Royals. During this period, Kathak received elements of fusion from other dance forms like the Persian dance form wherein the art of straight leg movements was introduced as also the spinning movement.

In the following years, Kathak received the royal patronage of the Nawab of Awadh – Wajid Ali Shah who was the main moving force behind the creation of the Lucknow Gharana in the 19th century. The Lucknow Gharana reached it’s pinnacle of perfection under the guidance of Thakur Prasad Maharaj who was the chief court dancer in the Nawab’s court. His legacy was carried forward by his sons- Bindadin Maharaj and Kalkadin Maharaj.

Around the same time the Banaras Gharana also evolved. This Gharana was developed by a gentleman by the name of Janakiprasad. During British rule in India, Kathak came to be referred to as an uncouth entertainment form stereo cast as something associated with the trade of immoral women. Here on, Kathak saw a sharp decline in its popularity.

Style
Notably, there are two styles of performing Kathak. The first one is Nritta which has a structure of pure dance in which the performances moves from slow to a faster pace and then reaching a crescendo at the climax. It often has two kinds of compositions. The shorter ones are called tukra and the longer pieces are known as toda.

The second style is called Nritya which focuses on expressions as the main mode. This style uses pieces of expressions to convey a story. This performance style is also known Bhaav Bataanaa. The modern day Kathak uses more of Nritya style.
Kathak Dancer

The Nritya style is more associated with the Lucknow Gharana while Nritta is associated more so with the Banaras Gharana.

In early years, the performers wore sarees due to the Hindu influence. With the advent of the Mughal influence, the attire changed to anarkali suits with pyjamas and lehenga with choli. A dupatta or an Odhni (veil) is tied across from the right shoulder to the left side towards the waist. A kamarbandh (Waist belt) made of either zari with precious stones or cloth with meenakari work is used. Ghungroos (anklets) are for the feet. The unique aspect of Ghungroos in Kathak is that unlike other classical dance forms, the bells are not fixed on to a patch of leather. Instead, they are woven through a thick string. The Ghungroos also possess 100 bells.

An option being explored nowadays is that of a small peaked cap which is worn during performances. Traditionally, fabric made from silk was used for the clothing for the body. However with passage of the time, cotton is increasingly being used.

Jewellery for the Kathak danseuse includes a bindi (teardrop or round shaped gold attached at the forehead), and jhumka (earrings).
Innovations

The Anarkali suit or the churidaar & kameez for the Kathak performer is designed such that it is fitted tight around the waist and the skirt portion below the waist has a flared style so that when the dancer executes a movement of going round and round while standing at the same spot, it gives a wonderful spinning effect.

Traditionally, bangles were not used. The sleeve of the jacket used to have an embroidered stitching which would give a virtual effect of bangles. However nowadays, the real bangles are being used.
Influences over the Years

The biggest influences for the Lucknow Gharana are the descendents of Thakur Prasad Maharaj. In today’s times, Pandit Birju Maharaj has carried forth that legacy. The Banaras Gharana has it’s own famous face in the form of Sitara Devi, daughter of Pandit Sukhdev Maharaj.

Interesting Facts and Comparisons

•     Similarities have been pointed out between Kathak and the Spanish dance of Flamenco especially in the way feet movements are done.

•     Kathak has been showcased in many Hindi movies including the iconic Pakeeza, Mughal-e-Azam, Shatranj Ke Khiladi and more.

•     In contemporary times, Kathak Yoga as part of the kathak movement techniques have been introduced by Pandit Chitresh Das.

Kalira (also spelled as Kaleera or Kalire) is a silver or gold embellished, umbrella shaped ornament that is attached to the bride’s Chooda or bangle, which is a set of traditional white and red colored bangles worn on each arm. A Punjabi bride’s wedding attire is incomplete without the resplendent Kalira, or Kalirey. It is an important accessory for a Punjabi bride, and there is a separate ceremony that is allocated to the ornamentation of this particular accessory, which showcases the bride’s marital mirth and bliss felt by people around her.
Origin
According to certain archaeological evidence, Kalira first came into existence around the 20th century in Punjab. There is an interesting legend that surrounds this exquisitely designed accessory, which indicates that as per Punjabi tradition, a bride was given half-cut, dried coconuts that were tied to her bangles as a snack to keep her from getting hungry since she had to travel long distances before she reached the bridegroom’s house for the wedding ceremony.

There is no bar when it comes to different communities. The Kalira is worn by all Punjabi women on their wedding day, regardless of their social standing. The traditional kalira was made out of shells, flowers and strings of beads, which were tied around the chooda on each arm by the bride’s sisters, cousins, or sister in law. The Kalira is a symbol of good luck and prosperity bestowed on the bride by her family and friends before she enters marital bliss.


Style & Variety
The Kalira is not just an accessory, but is an important part of a ceremony that takes place in every Punjabi wedding. The kalira ritual takes place on the morning of the wedding day, and right after the haldi ceremony. Long umbrella shaped ornaments are tied to the bride’s wrists by married women in the family, which includes her mother, sisters, sister in laws, friends and even aunts.

Certain Kalira’s are made out of gold or silver plated leaves, and it is believed that the number of leaves present on a single kalira represent the number of friends the bride has. Once the Kalirey are tied to the bride’s wrists, a whole row of bridesmaids is created that includes the single sisters or friends of the bride. The bride- to -be is then supposed to shake the kalira’s on every girl’s head.

If the kalira falls on someone’s head, then that girl is supposedly the next one to get married, or so it is believed as per Punjabi tradition. This could be considered equivalent to the Christian tradition where the bride throws the bouquet after her marriage, and whoever catches it in the crowd is the next girl to be married, or is considered lucky enough to get married!

Punjabi’s and Punjabi weddings, in particular, are known for their vibrant costumes, jewelry, fashion senses, and mainly fun and frolic that they carry across their celebrations or wedding ceremonies. The Kalirey ceremony is one of the most fun going ceremonies organized by the women of the household, holding and having them participated in the rituals and customs full of entertainment and splendor.
Once the bride gets married, Groom & Bride go to the Gurudwara, or the temple to seek the priest’s blessings. During this time, the bride leaves one of the two kaliras in the gurdwara as a token of respect for the priest, and to obtain his blessings for a happy married life. The other Kalira is kept as a token of her marriage for the rest of her nuptial journey.

Trends
These days Kalirey come in all kinds of exclusive designs and trimmings. Punjabi brides love to match the style and colors of the Kalirey according to their wedding dresses and jewelry. Different colored stones, flowers, or beads are added to the kalira which go in sync with the bride’s lehenga or the shades present in her overall wedding attire. Some go for the simple looking kaliras, which are silver or gold leaves attached to strings made out of beads, while some like to go for the more ornate looking kaliras, which are large and umbrella shaped, and have lots of diamonds, and pearls embedded in the design.

Global Appeal
All the grandeur present in Punjabi weddings make them famous not only in India, but in other countries. Several customs and traditions inherent in Punjabi weddings have been adopted by other cultures as well. Kaliras are beautiful ornaments that have captured the hearts of many on a global scale, and continue to do so even today.

Rudraksh, since ancient times, has been referred to as a form of Lord Shiva that symbolizes Godliness, ultimate truth and eternity of life. Of the various beads of Rudraksh found in the recent times, the ekmukhi (single) Rudraksha is considered to be primary form of the Lord. The followers of Shiva have always owned at least one piece of Rudraksh jewelry. It could be in the form of a Mala (necklace) or, just a bead. But, with changing times, it has found its place in the modern pieces of jewelry as well as jewelry boxes.
Origin
It comes from a mish-mash of 2 words: Rudra which means Lord Shankar and, Aksha which means tears. The plant of Rudraksh originated from the tears of Lord Shankar that he shed when he saw the pain and suffering of his people. It counters and nullifies the negative effects caused by the various planets on any person. It can be worn by anyone and everyone and, it does not cause any negative effects like the navratnas. These are available in mukhis and shastras for easing out the negatives. The various faces and, shastras work in harmony and help alleviate the pain observed by humans.

Trendsetter
Although it has a religious and spiritual bit attached to it, it has been seen donned by every other fashion enthusiast. Followers of Lord Shiva proudly wear them in form of neck piece or wrist piece. Also, there are caskets that come with a single bead of Rudraksh or several beads of Rudraksh encasing the front opening, which in turn makes them look beautiful. It has heavily transmitted itself in modern jewelry and gifting boxes. It gives an otherwise simple casket a defining look. The boxes could be as small as ring boxes, big enough to fit a mala, a ring and, other defining things. The boxes, brown in color  carry an elegant and sophisticated look.

Occasion Dressing
One can gift a Rudraksh box anytime or for any occasion. It can be a gift for the wedding anniversary or weddings, functions, and auspicious occasions such as house warming parties. It could also be given as a gift when a child is born in the family , a promotion is given, or in general during some visit to a person’s house. Rudraksh boxes can also be given as a parting gift for all those who attend a wedding.


Global Influence
With beliefs attached to the bead, a lot of Rudraksha travel across the Indian borders. More of it, have reached the fashion ramps of big shot fashion shows, and has created a cult culture globally!
Suitability
It can be worn to suit your fashion tastes as it is harmless and has no planetary influence on us.

Chronicles of Future Untold
It was once not accepted by the masses. It was confined to the followers of Lord Shiva. With it transforming into boxes and jewelry, a lot of people have started wearing it as a regular piece of accessory.

Interesting Facts & Comparisons

•     There are 14 types of Rudraksh with different powers of healing. Each one is strong in its own way.

•     Mukhi is basically the deep lines that one would find on the surface of the Rudraksha from the top to bottom.

•     Rudraksh is suitable for spiritual maintenance of mind and body.

Bamboo craft is indigenous to India, and is also amongst the oldest of crafts in the world. It is practiced in various states of India such as Kerala, Goa and the North Eastern states. They are very much into bamboo craft, and particularly, bags and bamboo baskets, which are quite popular throughout India and across the world.

Origin
In Goa, bamboo craft is practiced by the Mahars, a Goan community, who have passed on this skill for generations. In Arunachal Pradesh, bamboo is an integral part of their daily sustenance. The famous Adi Gallong basket is used to store and transport rice whereas the Angami Basket is another important bamboo craft, presented to the daughter in her marriage trousseau. Assam also has its own distinctive style of making bags and baskets out of bamboo. Besides this, they are also renowned for their innovative bamboo furniture industry as much as it is known for its basketry. Likewise, Sikkim too has a rich heritage of bamboo craft. The fine craftsmanship of these artisans shows from how they give bamboo an exquisite look by using simple tools but intricate manual methods. In fact, a lot of tribes make colorful baskets out of bamboo and adorn then with natural dues and embellishments like birds feathers. Each state has its own distinctive bamboo weaving style which gives an entirely different appearance to their bags and baskets.

Vintage Bamboo Clutch
Bamboo baskets are made by splitting bamboo longitudinally and then heating it on slow fire. These coils are then used in basketry and are built up in a spiral pattern to create the desired height. These baskets are then ornamented with shells and lace. The baskets are finally cleaned with the help of sandpaper and given a glossy look by polishing it with varnish.

Although these baskets and bags have a very specific use in the states from where they are originated, they are now considered to be a very popular modern-day bag accessory. Owing to its eco – friendly nature, bamboo bags and baskets are now increasingly becoming a favorite of people of all ages for a variety of purposes. Similarly, the bamboo bag/basket making craftsmen are too coming up with a variety of newer, trendier options for the youth and hence the demand for these bags, biodegradable in nature, is on the rise.

Present Day Scenario
Over the course of the past few years, the humble bamboo has evolved and come a long way as it a very commonly used favorite amongst both Indian and international designers. The versatile bamboo has now found a myriad forms and is now used in making clothes, jewelry, bags, furniture toys, beer and musical instruments. In fact, bamboo luxury brands have been in vogue for years- be it in the form of jewellery, or accessories produced by the premier brands. For instance, the bamboo crocodile satchel by Gucci is one of its kind and is priced at a whopping Rs. 12,65,000.
Bamboo Bags

Global Appeal
The international movement for adopting ‘green practices’ and ‘green products’ has created a surge in bamboo accessories, particularly in handbags and baskets. Not only do they provide great durability, but are also aesthetically pleasing because of their availability in various forms, sizes, embellishments and colors.

Mankind has always been mesmerized by the beauty and distinctiveness of Pearls. Whether it’s white, off white or black, this unique jewel has always been cherished due to its natural shine and beauty.  The Black pearl, however, has been the most sought-after pearl because of its unique aura.

The clear blue seas of Tahiti Islands play host to several different varieties of the black pearl. The reason they are black in color is because they are formed in an oyster which has black edges. Black Pearls also happen to be bigger in size compared to ordinary, white pearls because the oysters hosting them are usually bigger in size. These pearls have been extensively refined and promoted by the Tahiti government. A strict quality check precedes the export of black pearls, and hence it is safe to buy good quality pearls from any part of the world. Pearl farmers take care of the pearl-bearing oysters for almost two years and then take them out which are ready to be used into the making of a jewelry piece or become part of ornamentation, or fashion jewelry box.
Background

The history of Black pearl jewelry is rich and enchanting. Emperors in ancient Asian culture traditionally wore Black pearl jewelry, symbolizing their ultimate royalty. It was considered that divine powers were bestowed upon the rulers who wore black pearls.

The native tribes of French Polynesia extensively used pearl jewelry to adorn themselves and believed that black pearls harnessed exquisite colors of the rainbow after a storm. Black pearl jewelry was a symbol of renewal and hope for humanity.

Kundan embroidery on fabrics is highly sought after as the richness it bestows to the fabric is virtually unmatched by anything else. Kundan embroidery is an amalgamation of Zardozi and Kundan work. The basic process used is where after the completing the Zardozi embroidery using gold and silver threads, gemstones and pearls are studded on to it.

Origin and History
Kundan on fabrics goes back to the Mughal era where it flourished under royal patronage in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Artisans from all over the country converged to Rajasthan to learn and perfect this art.

However, just like Zardozi, this art also floundered due to the increasingly high costs of gold and gemstones.It is believed that in the late 19th century, Kundan jewelry and Kundan work on fabric came back into the limelight when artisans started using semi-precious stones, pearls and silver along with the modified materials of Zardozi.

Present Day Scenario
More than Kundan embroidered clothing, Kundan jewelry by itself is a distinguished work of art considered a once in a lifetime gift. More often than not, a bride is adorned with Kundan jewelry and clothes with Kundan embroidery on her wedding.

While Jaipur and Bikaner continue to be the centres of traditional Kundan jewellery, today the main centres for creating Kundan embroidery are Delhi, Agra, Lucknow, Bhopal, Ajmer, Mumbai, Kashmir and Chennai.

Faces Behind The Work
For the Kundan jewelry work, there are a set of specialized craftsmen who carry out specific tasks. The Chiterias are the people who provide the basic design. The Ghaarias carry out the engraving process and they also make the holes. In case of Meena Kundan, the enameller does the Meenakari work and finally the goldsmith does the work with gold setting. Finally the Jadiyas (stone setters) set the stones into the gold.

Varieties
Nowadays, there are varieties of Kundan jewelry which use silver as the main base so as to make it more affordable for people across the globe. The same applies for Kundan embroidered clothes too. Beautiful outfits of Kundan work like designer sarees, lehengas and other Indian dresses are also made by artisans in Rajasthan.
Occasion Dressing
Sarees with Kundan work embroidery often form part of the bridal finery at weddings. Be it wedding lehengas or bridal sarees, Kundan forms an essential part of the embellishments. They are also worn on many formal occasions.

Maintenance
For fabrics with Kundan work, the recommendation is to dry clean them. For storing them, it is suggested that the Kundan work be covered with Velvet and stored in a dry place.
Interesting Facts and Comparisons

    Outfits with Kundan work are showcased regularly in Hindi movies by leading ladies.
    In Jodha Akbar, Aishwarya Rai was seen flaunting Kundan jewellery, dressed as a Rajputana princess.

Holi is considered as one of the most revered and celebrated festivals of India and it is celebrated in almost every part of the country. It is also sometimes called as the “festival of love” as on this day people get to unite together forgetting all resentments and all types of bad feeling towards each other. The great Indian festival lasts for a day and a night, which starts in the evening of Purnima or the Full Moon Day in the month of Falgun. It is celebrated with the name Holika Dahan or Choti Holi on first evening of the festival and the following day is called Holi. In different parts of the country it is known with different names.
The vibrancy of colors is something that brings in a lot of positivity in our lives and Holi being the festival of colours is actually a day worth rejoicing. Holi is a famous Hindu festival that is celebrated in every part of India with utmost joy and enthusiasm. The ritual starts by lighting up the bonfire one day before the day of Holi and this process symbolizes the triumph of good over the bad. On the day of Holi people play with colours with their friends and families and in evening they show love and respect to their close ones with Abeer.

A beautiful amalgam of metals such as copper and zinc, Bidri contains the pure qualities of both the metals. The black color of the Bidri metal is obtained from zinc while copper contributes to the temporary color of the metal. Several intricate designs have been experimented with this type of metal, while maintaining the visual and aesthetic appeal intact. Bidri art is indeed a treat for art collectors and connoisseur’s all across the world.
Origin & History
A legacy that started two thousand years ago, today Bidri art is counted among the most popular forms of metal work that dwells in various forms. Introduced by numerous rulers from  different parts of the country, this art holds a significant position in the ancient pottery, handicrafts and, cutlery. This art was originated in the beautiful lands of Karnataka. It was introduced in India by the Bahami sultans who reigned over the Bidar lands during the 13th to 15th centuries. There has been no change in the manufacturing process of Bidri art since its inception.

The Persians, Iranians and Syrians are believed to be the have introduced this art to the world. This art has been handed down to various succeeding generations among the local Muslim and Lingayat sects since its inception. Bidri ware is considered to be an important source of income for the people of India as it is the most exported items in the form of  handicraft, and this is the very reason why it symbolizes the wealth and heritage of India.

Style
Each Bidri jewelry box is made attempting a unique design. This makes the whole appearance of these boxes absolutely stylish yet classic. The various designs engraved on this box are traced by individual craftsmen and truly define the hours and hard work they put into the design. This makes these boxes highly alluring and eye-catching. They are simple boxes made of the blackish alloy. The designs in spite of their uniqueness and individuality are uncomplicated in nature which make them beautiful and enchanting.
Innovations

The innovation in this art lies in the way the metal was formed. Initially, when Persians introduced this art to India, it was made by inlaying a part of gold/silver on a base made of steel or copper. But, with time things changed and therefore rendering Bidri art some freedom from gold and silver.

The idea was to make the metal inexpensive yet retaining its beauty. This was done by mixing copper and zinc to form an alloy wherein zinc was used for coating. The newer improvised version of the metal was engraved using silver or brass. The trinket boxes designed using this metal appear to be very simple and are available in various sizes.
Influence over the Years

The journey embarked by Bidri ware has been interesting. This art was introduced to Indian lands by Persia; therefore traces of Persian influence can be seen in this art. The simplistic designs of these  jewellery boxes carry bits of Persia and Syria in their overall designs and appearance. In India, the Nizam carried it forward to various other regions including Aurangabad. Taking a closer look at the journey of Bidri art, it can be said that this art form has been influenced by many races and cultures that dwelled in India at that time.

According to Hindu scriptures Holika Dahan, which is also known as Holika Deepak or Chhoti Holi, should be done during Pradosh Kaal (which starts after sunset) while
Purnimasi Tithi is prevailing. Bhadra prevails during first half of Purnimasi Tithi and all good work should be avoided when Bhadra prevails.
Holika Dahan Muhurta is decided based on following rules.
The first preference to get Holika Dahan Muhurta is during Pradosh while Purnimasi Tithi is prevailing and Bhadra is over. If Bhadra prevails during Pradosh but it
ends before midnight then Holika Dahan should be done after Bhadra is over. If Bhadra is getting over after midnight then only Holika Dahan should be done in Bhadra
and preferably during Bhadra Punchha. However one should avoid Bhadra Mukha and in no condition Holika Dahan should be done in Bhadra Mukha. Doing so brings bad luck
for the whole year not only for individuals but for whole city and country. Many times Bhadra Punchha is not available between Pradosh and midnight. In such situations
one should do Holika Dahan during Pradosh. In rare occasions when neither Pradosh nor Bhadra Punchha is available then one should do Holika Dahan after Pradosh.
Choosing right Muhurta for Holika Dahan is more important than choosing right Muhurta for any other festivals. For other festivals doing puja at wrong time will not
bring puja benefits but doing Holika Dahan at wrong time would bring suffering and misfortune.
DrikPanchang.com takes care all above scenarios and exceptions. We suggest you the best Muhurta for Holika Dahan. In no situation we suggest Bhadra Mukha. We also list
Bhadra Mukha and Bhadra Punchha duration for all cities so that no confusion remains in deciding best Muhurta for Holika Dahan. If Bhadra Punchha is before Pradosh or
after midnight we can’t take that for Holika Dahan as Holika Dahan should be done between Pradosh and midnight. By midnight we mean Hindu midnight which is not same as

The Holi/Dhulandi day when people play with colors is always next day of Holika Dahan or Holi bonfire. The whole team of DrikPanchang.com wishes you happy and colorful

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It is the power of faith that can part a river, move mountains, and endure the hardships that come bundled up for being an integral part of Kumbh Mela, a congregation of millions, gathered together to be freed from the vicious earthly cycle of life and death and move towards a heavenly realm, which knows no suffering or pain. It's the mythological history of India and the sacred religious texts that bind us carnal souls to an eternal hope - things will be better, without the ever-imminent fear of them getting worse that cripples us here. "An eternal life free of sins" is the promise that comes attached with the magnificent event of Kumbh Mela. It's a promise to which millions want to be bound with, and it is this promise that has made Kumbh Mela what it is today.
Legend has it that in the mythological times, during a waging war between the demigods and demons for the possession of elixir of eternal life, a few drops of it had fallen on to four places that are today known as Prayag, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik. It is believed that these drops gave mystical powers to these places. It is to make oneself gain on those powers that Kumbh Mela has been celebrated in each of the four places since long as one can remember. The normal Kumbh Mela is held every 3 years, the Ardh (half) Kumbh Mela is held every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad (Prayag) while the Purna (complete) Kumbh mela takes place every twelve years, at four places Prayag (Allahabad), Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik, based on planetary movements. The Maha Kumbh Mela is celebrated at Prayag after 144 years (after 12 'Purna Kumbh Melas').

Depending on what position the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter hold in that period in different zodiac signs, the venue for Kumbh Mela is decided. The calculations have been provided below for information:

Kumbh Mela at Allahabad
when Jupiter is in Aries or Taurus and Sun and Moon are in Capricorn during the Hindu month of Magha (January-February).

Kumbh Mela at Haridwar
when Jupiter is in Aquarius and Sun is in Aries during the Hindu month of Chaitra (March-April).

Kumbh Mela at Ujjain
when Jupiter is in Leo and Sun is in Aries, or when all three are in Libra during the Hindu month of Vaisakha (April-May).

Kumbh Mela at Nasik
when Sun and Jupiter are in Leo during the Hindu month of Bhadraprada (August-September).

The next Maha Kumbh Mela is set to be held in the city of Allahabad (Prayag) in the year 2013. Read the rest of the sections to know about the important dates, history and traditions of Kumbh Mela, and the tourist information.

Maha Shivaratri is a Hindu festival celebrated before the arrival of spring that marks the “Great Night of Shiva,” a Hindu deity. It is a major holiday in Hinduism, a solemn remembrance of overcoming darkness and ignorance. Because the holiday is based on the Hindu Lunar Calendar, the date it is celebrated changes each year.
History of Maha Shivaratri
Legend has it that a poison came out of the ocean during Samundra Manthan. In order to protect the citizens, Shiva drank the poison, but it did not kill him. Instead, it caused his throat to “burn blue.” The day is a public holiday in Nepal with offices, schools and businesses closed to honour Shiva.


Traditions and Celebrations
Thousands of visitors come to the Pashupatinath Temple to celebrate Maha Shivaratri and the Shiva Shakti Peetham nearby. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva in the form of Pashupati, Lord of the Animals. Legend has it that Lord Shiva roamed as a deer in the forests in the area. The temple is open only to Hindus with several shrines and pavilions where yogis and priests chant or meditate.

In the days before the holiday, people fill the roads around the temple and there are vendors selling red tika powder or sacred beads. The day of the holiday there is a military parade to honour Lord Shiva as well.

Unlike most Hindu festivals which take place during the day, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated at night. There are all night vigils and prayers representing Shiva’s ability to overcome darkness and ignorance. Many spend the night around the temple, lighting sacred fires, singing praises to Lord Shiva and keeping vigil to welcome his descent to Earth.

The official celebration begins at midnight with priests offering items to Lord Shiva in the temple. People swim in the sacred Bagmati River, carrying water in cupped palms to offer it to the stone stele which is the symbol of Lord Shiva. In the morning, sacred texts are recited until noon when people begin singing sacred songs. Some of the finest musicians and singers come to Nepal to sing praises of Shiva.

It is not unusual to see yogis or sadhus sitting naked, covered with ash or smoking marijuana during the festival. Although marijuana is illegal in Nepal, it is permitted for religious rituals during the festival. It is believed that after Shiva’s consort died, he came to the forests near the temple, smeared with ash, wearing a serpent and draped in a tiger skin. While there, he smoked marijuana which grows wild in the forests.

Shukla Paksha Saptami in Magha month is known as Ratha Saptami or Magha Saptami. It is believed that Lord Surya Dev started enlightening the whole world on Ratha Saptami day which was considered as birth day of God Surya. Hence this day is also known as Surya Jayanti.
Ratha Saptami is highly auspicious day and it is considered as auspicious as Surya Grahan for Dan-Punya activities. By worshipping Lord Surya and observing fast on this day one can get rid of all type of sins. It is believed that seven types of sins done, knowingly, unknowingly, by words, by body, by mind, in current birth and in previous births are purged by worshipping Lord Surya on this day.

On Ratha Saptami one should take bath during Arunodaya. Ratha Saptami Snan is one of the important rituals and is suggested during Arunodaya only. Arunodaya period prevails for four Ghatis (approx. one and half hour for Indian locations if we consider one Ghati duration as 24 minutes) before sunrise. Taking bath before sunrise during Arunodaya keeps one healthy and free from all types of ailments and diseases. Because of this belief Ratha Saptami is also known as Arogya Saptami. Taking bath in water body like river, canal is preferred over taking bath at home. DrikPanchang.com lists Arunodaya period and sunrise time for most cities across the globe.

After taking bath one should worship Lord Surya during sunrise by offering Arghyadan (अर्घ्यदान) to Him. Arghyadan is performed by slowly offering water to Lord Surya from small Kalash with folded hand in Namaskar Mudra while facing Lord Sun in standing position. After this one should light Deepak of pure Ghee and worship Sun God with Kapoor, Dhup, and red flowers. By doing morning Snan, Dan-Punya and Arghyadan to Suryadev one is bestowed with long life, good health and prosperity.

Bidriware is a renowned metal handicraft that derives its name from Bidar, presently in Karnataka. It was believed to have originated in 14th century AD during the reign of Bahamani Sultans.

The term 'Bidriware' therefore represents the manufacture of a unique metalware that is named after the region of Bidar. The Bahamani sultans had ruled Bidar in the 14th–15th centuries. Bidriware was first practised in ancient Persia and then it was brought to India by Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti’s followers. The art form developed due to a mix of Persian and Arabic cultures and after the fusion with local style, a new and unique style of its own was created. The Nizam of Hyderabad introduced the art form in Aurangabad, which was part of Nizam’s Hyderabad state before 1947.

Bidriware is an eight-stage process. Those are moulding, smoothening by file and the process of designing by chisels. It is then followed by engraving using chisel and hammer where pure silver inlaying is done. It is subjected to smoothening again, followed by buffing and finally oxidising by making use of soil and ammonium chloride. Bidriware is therefore manufactured from an alloy of copper and zinc metals, in the ratio 1:16 by means of casting.

Initially the presence of zinc ushers alloy a deep black color. Firstly, a mould is created using soil and this is made malleable by adding castor oil and resin. The molten metal is later poured to create a cast piece followed by smoothened through filing. The casting is further coated with a strong copper sulphate solution to gain a temporary black coating. Then the designs are etched freehand over this using a metal stylus.This is eventually secured in a vise and the Bidri craftsmen make use of small chisels to engrave the designs over this freehand etching. Fine wire or even flattened strips of pure silver are clearly hammered into the grooves.The item is then filed and buffed, as well as smoothed to remove the temporary black coating. This results in a silver inlay that is not that clearly distinguishable compared to the gleaming metallic surface, which is now completely silvery white.

The Bidriware item is now completely set for a final blackening process. Here, makers use a special variety of soil that is available only in select places. This is mixed with ammonium chloride and water for producing a paste. The mixture is further rubbed onto a heated Bidri surface that darkens the body without affecting the silver inlay.The paste is clearly rinsed, revealing a shiny silver design looking stunning and resplendent against the rest of black surface. The oil is applied as a finishing touch for the product to strengthen the matt coating. The finished product is now shining black with a brilliant silver inlay.

The makers of Bidriware create designs like flowers, leaves and also geometric designs, stylized poppy plants, human figures etc. In some countries there is a great demand for the design of Persian roses and also the passages from the Holy Quran in the Arabic script.Bidriware was also used for making paanholders, hookahs, and vases as well as bowls, ornament boxes, earrings, trays and other jewelry and showpiece items.

The world famous artistic metallic Work which was on a decline few decades ago is currently on the revival path following the introduction of several innovative designs and new patterns.The designs represent Indian to international themes in tune with latest home and lifestyle needs and interior spaces. Bidar in Karnataka state and Hyderabad in Telangana are the popular centres for Bidriware in India and it is also practised in some of the other centres across India. Due to the striking inlay artWorks, Bidriware is considered an important export handicraft item from India’s handicraft market and seen as a prized symbol of wealth. This native art form has also gained the Geographical Indications (GI) registry.

Saraswati Puja is observed in the month of Magha according to the Bengali Saraswati Puja calendar. It is celebrated on the fifth day of the season spring on a full moon day and hence is known as Shree Panchami. Saraswati Puja is observed in the months of January-February according to the Gregorian calendar. Saraswati Puja also known as Vasant Panchami marks the beginning of spring when the mustard fields are in full bloom. Being a spring festival, yellow is the significant colour of the festival Saraswati Puja. Yellow flowers like marigold and food items like khichdi (mixture of rice and pulse), kesar bhaat (saffron pudding), kesar halwa (saffron pudding) form a quintessential part of the festival. Not only the flowers and food items used in this festival represent the colour of spring, but even the attires worn by devotees and young girls flaunt the mustard colour.
According to the Saraswati Puja calendar, it will be celebrated on February 10th in the year 2019 and 6th Magh, 1423 according to the Bengali calendar. The best puja muhurta or time of the daywill be 07:07 to 12:35. The Panchami tithi for the Saraswati Puja 2019 is at 12:25 on the 9th of February and the tithi ends at 14:08 on the 10th of February.


Saraswati Puja Timing

Panchami Tithi Begins : 12:20 PM - 9 February 2019

Panchami Tithi End : 02:10 PM - 10 February 2019

Saraswati Puja 2019 Muhurat = 07:15 To 12:52 - 10-Feb-2019

Magha Gupta Navratri is an auspicious 9-day period that is dedicated to worshipping the nine different forms of Goddess Shakti. It is observed from the ‘Pratipada’ (1st day) to the ‘Navami’ (9th day) during the Shukla Paksha (the waxing phase of moon) in the ‘Magha’ month of the traditional Hindu calendar. Magha Gupta Navratri is also known as ‘Shishir Navratri’ as it falls between the winter months of January-February. It is an important occurrence for Sadhaks, tantriks and any person desiring to resolve materialistic problems. The word ‘gupt’ is a Hindi word meaning ‘secret’ and therefore Magha Gupta Navratri is known to less people unlike the other prominent Navratris observed during the Hindu month of ‘Vasant’ and ‘Chaitra’. Magha Gupta Navratri is predominately celebrated in the northern states of India namely, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Rituals during Magha Gupta Navratri:
During Magha Gupta Navratri, Hindu devotees get up at the time of sunrise and take an early bath. After finishing the morning rituals they clean and decorate the place of worship and begin making preparations.
An idol of Goddess Durga is placed on a red cloth and worshipped with vermillion, rice, colourful flowers, dhoop and incense sticks. Devotees also offer chunri, bindi and bangles to the Goddess. This nine day ritual begins on Pratipada and ends on Navami, in which nine different forms of Goddess is worshipped on each day.

The puja rituals for specific days are given below:
Navratri Day 1: Pratipada – Ghatasthapana and Shailputri Puja
Navratri Day 2: Dwitiya – Brahmacharini Puja
Navratri Day 3: Tritiya – Chandraghanta Puja
Navratri Day 4: Chaturthi – Kushmanda Puja
Navratri Day 5: Panchami – Skandamata Puja
Navratri Day 6: Sashthi – Katyayani Puja
Navratri Day 7: Saptami – Kaal Ratri Puja
Navratri Day 8: Ashtami – Mahagauri Puja and Sandhi Puja
Navratri Day 9: Navami – Siddhidatri Puja
The tenth day ‘dashami’ marks the end of the Navratri celebrations and is observed as Navratri Parana.
Devotees keep a strict fast during this 9-day long Magha Gupta Navratri. The observer of this vrat can eat only one meal after finishing the puja rituals of the day and offering food to a Brahmin. Some people can also observe partial fasting in which eating fruits and dairy products are allowed.
It is very auspicious to recite ‘Durga Mantra’ 108 times during the Magha Gupta Navratri. Also reading Durga Stotra during this period appeases Goddess Durga to shower Her love and affection on devotees.

The Kantha Embroidery is the predominantly the most popular form of embroidery practiced by the rural women. The traditional form of Kantha embroidery was done the soft dhotis and saris. The thread for this craft was drawn out of the borders of the used cloth.
 It is a simple running stitch made on the edges. When five to six layers of the cloth were embroidered together it formed a quilt. Fewer layers of the cloth is used to make clothes for other purposes. The outer layers of the cloth comprises of white or light colored clothes which made the embroidery perceptible. Depending on the use of the finished product they were known as Lepkantha, Sujni Kantha etc. The embroidered cloth is used as stoles for women and shawls. The clothes also find use as covers for mirrors, boxes, pillows etc. The entire cloth is covered with running stitches and usually has beautiful folk motifs, floral motifs, animal and birds figures and geometrical shapes. Themes from day to day activities are also a common subject for the embroidery. Such stitches on the cloth give it a slight wrinkled wavy effect. The contemporary Kantha is not necessarily done on old multiple layered saris or dhotis. It can also be seen on the present day garments like the sarees, dupatta, shirts for men and women, bedding and other furnishing fabrics. For these fabrics and dresses the base fabric used is cotton and silk.